https://peertube.dngr.us/videos/watch/acc3624f-e61f-47a7-a284-88b709fbce8c This film "The History of Printing" was produced by the Copley Press, Silver Films, Don Bosco Films and the Santa Monica Press. It was narrated by Hal Fishman, and produced and directed by Lennie Blondheim. 0:00 Main titles. Early humans used primitive sounds, but the spoken word disappeared quickly. The development of permanent signs and symbols became crucial for communication and survival. Printing is one of the most astounding stories in human history and is the origin of almost every resource essential for man's well-being. 2:34 Carved Stone (Epigraphica): One of the oldest means of "printing" was carved stone or epigraphica. Examples include Egyptian hieroglyphics (meaning "sacred carving") and the gigantic writing on the Rock of Behistun commissioned by Darius, King of Persia. 3:12 Another early form of printing was by seals—wedge-shaped instruments pressed onto soft clay or wax. This method of printing was called cuneiform and was used for thousands of years. 3:34 Writing is older than the book, done on bark, shells, animal skins, and stone, using inks made from berries and sea creatures. The Dead Sea Scrolls are proof of early record-keeping. 4:20: Although modern printing began in 15th-century Germany, the Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans used printing much earlier. The Chinese invented the first true ink between the 2nd and 3rd centuries by combining lampblack and a water-soluble gum. This became known as India ink. 5:28: At the end of the 4th century, Orientals achieved a means of printing from wood blocks engraved in relief. The block was inked, fine paper was laid over it and rubbed, producing an impression. The oldest known book of this type is a Buddhist text, the Diamond Sutra, dating back to the 9th century. 7:22: After the fall of the Roman Empire, printing was preserved by monks and scholars in monasteries. 8:10: The Renaissance brought significant developments. In 1450, German printer Johann Gutenberg of Mainz produced a Bible of "technical excellence." His major invention, honoring him as the father of printing, was the printing press composed with movable metal type called typography. 8:49: Gutenberg's key idea was to use cast metal letters. He used a durable, rapidly cooling compound of tin, lead, and antimony. 9:43: Gutenberg adapted a wooden wine press for printing. 10:20: The Gutenberg Bible was printed in Latin. The invention of typography spread rapidly across Europe. 11:32: The Industrial Revolution in the mid-17th century demanded a faster printing process. 12:22: Benjamin Franklin, honored as the father of American printing. 12:48: The Times of London employed the first metal press, built by Friedrich Koenig (1810). This was followed by the Albion hand press (Richard Cop, 1820). The first metal press in America was the famous 1838 Columbian (John Clymer, Philadelphia). 13:54: William Morris (English artist) invented the Mars press, which transformed the crude manuscript book and strongly influenced book design, allowing for the first time the production of beautiful books of quality. 14:31: The first successful typesetting machine was the Simplex Linotype, invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler. 15:40: The Linotype eliminated the redistribution problem since the used type could simply be remelted. The invention sparked the teletypesetter. 16:24: On the modern rotary press, the cast plate is mounted around a drum or cylinder. The Copley Press's four-story-high Goss rotary press, can print up to 25,000 pages an hour. 16:51: The age of automation has advanced the industry. In a modern newsroom, typed copy is fed into a computer for proofing and monitoring over a television screen before being photographed to produce the final plate. The Data Speed 40 can print over 6,000 characters per minute. 18:29: The fastest growing counterpart to newspaper printing is offset lithography (or photo offset). 19:20: The final phase of printing is photogravure, a modern offshoot of old copperplate engravings, used to produce paper money and postage stamps. 20:02: Printing is both an art and a science, holding the potential for creativity to provide a better world for all mankind. Motion picture films don't last forever; many have already been lost or destroyed. 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